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German personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are the small words for people and things: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. In German they also tell you how polite you are and which verb ending you need.

The pronouns at a glance

Every German sentence needs a subject, and very often that subject is a personal pronoun. The pronoun decides the ending of the verb, so learning the pronouns and the verb endings together saves a lot of time. Here are the subject forms (the nominative) with the verb wohnen (to live).

GermanEnglishExample
ichIIch wohne in Köln.
duyou (one friend)Du wohnst in Pune.
er / sie / eshe / she / itEr wohnt in Berlin.
wirweWir wohnen in Hamburg.
ihryou (several friends)Ihr wohnt in München.
sietheySie wohnen in Delhi.
Sieyou (polite, one or many)Wohnen Sie in Stuttgart?

Note that ich is written with a small letter unless it starts the sentence, unlike English I. The polite Sie, on the other hand, always has a capital S, even in the middle of a sentence.

du, ihr or Sie?

English has one word for you; German has three. The choice is a question of number and of respect, a little like tu, tum and aap in Hindi.

  • du: one person you know well – family, friends, children, fellow students. Kommst du heute? (Are you coming today?)
  • ihr: two or more people you would each call du. Habt ihr Hunger? (Are you hungry?)
  • Sie: adults you do not know, officials, doctors, landlords, customers and most colleagues at first. It is the same for one person or many. Können Sie mir helfen? (Can you help me?)

When in doubt, start with Sie. Germans often offer the du themselves with Wir können uns duzen. In many start-ups and among young people, du is normal from day one, but at the Ausländerbehörde or the bank you will always hear Sie.

sie, sie or Sie?

The little word sie has three meanings, and the verb ending helps you to tell them apart:

  • Sie arbeitet bei Siemens. – she works at Siemens (verb ending -t).
  • Sie arbeiten bei Siemens. – they work at Siemens (verb ending -en).
  • Arbeiten Sie bei Siemens? – do you (polite) work at Siemens?

At the start of a sentence, sie (they) and Sie (you) look identical, so the context decides. In the middle of a sentence, the capital letter shows the polite form.

er, sie and es for things

In English, every object is it. In German, the pronoun follows the grammatical gender of the noun, not whether it is a person:

NounPronounExample
der TischerDer Tisch ist neu. Er war teuer.
die LampesieDie Lampe ist schön. Sie kommt aus Indien.
das HandyesDas Handy ist alt. Es funktioniert nicht.
die Schuhe (plural)sieDie Schuhe sind bequem. Sie passen gut.

So Wo ist der Schlüssel? – Er ist in der Tasche. means Where is the key? – It is in the bag. A useful exception: das Mädchen (the girl) is grammatically neuter, but in everyday speech many people use sie for a girl they are talking about. Tip: always learn nouns with their article, because the pronoun depends on it. And use es for weather and time: Es regnet. Es ist acht Uhr.

Common mistakes

Not quiteCorrectWhy
Wie heißt du, Herr Weber?Wie heißen Sie, Herr Weber?With a surname and Herr or Frau you use the polite Sie, and the verb takes -en.
Der Computer ist kaputt. Es ist alt.Der Computer ist kaputt. Er ist alt.der Computer is masculine, so the pronoun is er, even for a thing.
Können sie mir bitte helfen? (to a stranger)Können Sie mir bitte helfen?The polite Sie always has a capital S.
Ihr kommt morgen, Frau Rao?Kommen Sie morgen, Frau Rao?ihr is plural and informal; one person you address politely is Sie.

Practice questions

1. Frau Müller, woher kommen ___?

Frau + surname means the polite form, written with a capital S.

2. Die Tasche ist neu. ___ ist aus Leder.

die Tasche is feminine, so the pronoun is sie.

3. Das Auto ist alt, aber ___ fährt gut.

das Auto is neuter, so the pronoun is es.

4. Anita und Ravi, wo wohnt ___?

Two friends you call du are addressed together with ihr; the verb ending -t matches.

5. Der Bus kommt nicht. ___ hat Verspätung.

der Bus is masculine, so the pronoun is er.

6. Mein Bruder und ich lernen Deutsch. ___ lernen jeden Tag.

'My brother and I' is wir, and lernen matches wir.

7. Kommst ___ heute Abend zur Party, Priya?

The verb ending -st belongs to du.

8. Thomas ist mein Kollege. ___ arbeitet in Bonn.

Thomas is a man, so the pronoun is er; arbeitet fits er.

Practise it in the course

Related grammar: The present tense, Noun genders: der, die, das, sein and haben.

Back to the grammar reference or to the A1 lessons.

Sources

Original practice questions written by the Desi European Tales editorial team; they are not the official exam questions. Checked 1 November 2026.

Related: German grammar reference · German A1 lessons · The present tense

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